The transition to net zero requires coordination across public, private and civil-society sectors. Systemic transition intermediaries play a central role in this process by connecting diverse actors while also seeking to accelerate system-level change. This dual objective creates inherent tensions: Intermediaries must mobilise actors especially from the private sector while simultaneously pushing them towards ambitious transformation.

This paper examines these tensions through an in-depth case study of the Science-Based Targets Initiative (SBTi) and the controversy surrounding proposed changes to its corporate net-zero standard. We conceptualise SBTi as a systemic transition intermediary whose authority rests on scientific credibility and procedural rigour, but whose influence depends on voluntary corporate participation. This dual positioning exposes the organization to competing pressures and political dynamics.

Our findings illustrate the challenges associated with the strategic and political role of the SBTi. We show that the key tension with the private sector involves an ongoing balance between pushing ambition on the one hand, and at the same time relying on voluntary participation of corporations. This tension shapes the ability for SBTi to influence policy and to collaborate with other intermediaries. We contribute to the literature on systemic transition intermediaries by highlighting that this is an ongoing tension to be addressed rather than resolved. We advance a cross-sector view of systemic transition intermediaries, and we call for further research that focuses on the ecosystem of intermediaries who can support and guide the net-zero transition.